GOVERNMENT EFFORTS:
Somaliland and Puntland authorities made minimal efforts to combat trafficking during the reporting period.The FGS continued to lack sufficient training, resources, and capacity to effectively prosecute trafficking offenses, protect victims, or prevent the crime, partly due to civil unrest and the ongoing campaign to degrade al-Shabaab and secure Mogadishu.The pre-1991 penal code (applicable at the federal and regional levels) outlaws forced labor and other forms of trafficking in persons. Article 455 prohibits and penalizes slavery, prescribing penalties of five to 20 years’ imprisonment. Article 464 prohibits forced labor, prescribing penalties of six months’ to five years’ imprisonment. Article 457 prohibits the transferring, disposing, taking possession, or holding of a person, and prescribes penalties of three to 12 years’ imprisonment. All of these penalties appear sufficiently stringent. Article 408(1) prohibits compelled prostitution of a person through violence or threats, prescribing penalties of two to six years’ imprisonment, which appears sufficiently stringent but not commensurate with those prescribed for other serious crimes, such as rape.The constitution, which remains provisional until the holding of a national referendum for a permanent version, prohibits slavery, servitude, trafficking, and forced labor under article 14. Article 29(6) prohibits the use of children in armed conflict, and article 405 prohibits all forms of prostitution. The Somali National Police retained responsibility for investigating and enforcing such laws; however, they remained understaffed, undertrained, and lacked capacity to enforce them effectively.The

FGS did not investigate or prosecute trafficking crimes during the reporting period, including those involving officials alleged to be complicit in the facilitation of sex and labor trafficking.
The Puntland State administration and Somaliland possessed functioning legal systems and some law enforcement capacity; however, the regional governments reported no reliable data on trafficking investigations or prosecutions during the reporting year. In Puntland, the Ministry of Women’s Development and Family Affairs oversaw anti-trafficking efforts, and the police force in Garowe operated an anti-trafficking unit, though it lacked proper training. Provisions under Islamic law in Puntland criminalize the murder of smuggled or trafficked persons, prescribing penalties of between one and five years’ imprisonment. Laws in Somaliland prohibit forced labor, involuntary servitude, and slavery.The Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs in Somaliland operated a specialized unit to respond to suspected trafficking cases, and police and immigration officers played an active role in anti-trafficking efforts.
No governmental entity utilized formal procedures for the proactive identification or referral of trafficking victims. In Puntland, however, international organization staff trained officials on victim identification and referral procedures. The FGS, Puntland, and Somaliland authorities did not provide protective services to trafficking victims and relied fully on international organizations to provide victim reintegration services. During the reporting year, the Puntland government provided security to one externally-funded shelter; however, neither the federal nor regional governments provided financial support to organizations assisting victims.There were no legal alternatives to the removal of foreign trafficking victims from Somalia to countries where they may face hardship or retribution; however, government officials identified no foreign victims during the year.
Somaliland authorities continued to work with an international organization and the Migration Response Center in Hargeisa to establish a mobile health clinic for the IDPs surrounding the Mahamed Mooge settlement and a rehabilitation center for street children. Somaliland officials generally appeared overwhelmed with humanitarian cases and illegal immigration from Ethiopia, which often hindered identification and protection of potential trafficking victims. Government officials provided no data clarifying whether children who involuntarily engaged in prostitution or the commission of crimes across Somali territory were protected from criminal penalties under Somali law. Information on FGS efforts to protect trafficking victims remained limited. During the reporting year, federal and regional authorities, with external assistance, oversaw the transfer of former child soldiers associated with al-Shabaab to the custody of an international organization.
Authorities across Somalia demonstrated minimal efforts to prevent trafficking during the year. Somaliland and Puntland authorities facilitated anti-trafficking awareness campaigns; however, the regional campaigns continued to conflate trafficking and smuggling. The FGS did not conduct any awareness campaigns during the reporting period. No government entity provided funding to agencies for labor inspections, and no inspectors were employed to enforce labor laws. Authorities across Somalia did not make any discernible efforts to reduce the demand for forced labor or commercial sex acts. The government did not provide anti-trafficking training or guidance for its diplomats deployed abroad. Somalia is not a party to the 2000 UN TIP Protocol.

RELEVANT INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS 
The chart below shows the Ratification, Accession (a), or Acceptance (A) of relevant international conventions for those countries that have  ratified, acceded to, or accepted any such conventions between April 2014 and March 2015. A complete list that includes all of the countries covered by the 2015 Trafficking in Persons Report is available at: http://www.state.gov/tipreport.

In South Sudan, traffickers exploit girls as young as 10 years old in prostitution. Some women and girls from Uganda and Ethiopia
who migrate voluntarily for work in South Sudan may become sex trafficking victims.

372

STOPPING HUMAN TRAFFICKING, SEXUAL EXPLOITATION, AND ABUSE BY INTERNATIONAL PEACEKEEPERS AND CIVILIAN
PERSONNEL 
As required by law, this section summarizes actions taken by the United Nations (UN), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and the Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe (OSCE) to prevent trafficking in persons or exploitation of victims of trafficking.

UNITED NATIONS
OSCE
NATO
TOTAL  NUMBER OF PEACEKEEPING AND SUPPORT PERSONNEL
123,000
1,844
17,886
TOTAL NUMBER OF MISSIONS
16
17
2
PREVENTION POLICY
“Special Measures for Protection from Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse” (SEA) (2003)
“Code of Conduct for Staff and Mission Members”
“NATO Policy on Combating Trafficking in Human Beings” (2004 and 2007)
LEAD OFFICE RESPONSIBLE FOR IMPLEMENTATION
Office of Field Support
Office of Human
Resources
NATO Political Affairs and Security Policy Division (PASP)
PREVENTION TRAINING
Pre-deployment and at mission
Pre-deployment
Pre-deployment and at mission
“NATO Guidance for the development of training and educational programmes
to support the policy on combating the trafficking in human beings” (2004)
NUMBER OF ALLEGATIONS IN 2014
51 [civilian (14), military (24), police (13)]
Allegations were made against personnel of UN  missions  in  the  Democratic  Republic of Congo (13), Haiti (13), South Sudan (12),
Liberia (5), Mali (3),Afghanistan (1), Cyprus
(1), Lebanon (1), Sudan’s Abyei Region (1), and
Cote d’Ivoire (1).
25% of the allegations involved children under 18 years of age
No reported allegations
No reported allegations – NATO relies on contributing countries to report allegations.
NEW INITIATIVES
A new Accountability Framework  went  into effect in July 2014 with updated indicators of mission performance in executing prevention, enforcement, and remedial actions for conduct and discipline.The Accountability Framework includes an SEA risk management framework and a draft action plan. The proposed actions include development of a Secretariat-wide communication strategy, focused on SEA, to include best practices and procedures for registering complaints  of misconduct.

LINKS FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
http://cdu.unlb.org/unstrategy/remedialaction. aspx
http://www. osce.org/what/ trafficking
http://www.nato.int/cps/en/ natolive/topics_50315.htm

INTERNATIONAL, REGIONAL,AND SUB-REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS COMBATING TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 

ORGANIZATION
FRAMEWORK DOCUMENT RELEVANT TO TIP

TIP FOCAL POINT
United Nations www.un.org www.unodc.org
www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/chr/special/themes.htm

www.ilo.org http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/ILOPub- lications/Byregion/Global/lang--en/index.htm
Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Traffick- ing in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (A/ RES/55/25) (2000)
United Nations Global Plan of Action to Combat
Trafficking in Persons
(A/RES/64/293) (2010)
ILO Conventions:
-C29 Forced Labour Convention, 1930
-C105 Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957
-C182 Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999
-C189 Domestic Workers Convention, & R201,
2011
Special Rapporteur on Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children
Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Slavery
Special Rapporteur on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography
African Union (AU)
www.africa-union.org/
Ouagadougou Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings, Especially Women and Children (2006)
AU Commission Initiative against Trafficking
Campaign (AU.COMMIT)
N/A
Association of Southeast Nations (ASEAN)
www.aseansec.org
www.aseansec.org/4966.htm
ASEAN Declaration Against Trafficking in Persons,
Particularly Women  and Children, 2004
N/A
Bali Regional Ministerial Conference
On People Smuggling,Trafficking In Persons And
Related Transnational Crime (Bali Process) www.baliprocess.net
Co Chairs’ Statements of the first (2002), second (2003), third (2009), fourth (2011), and fifth (2013) Bali Regional Ministerial Conference
On People Smuggling,Trafficking In Persons
And Related Transnational Crime
N/A
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
www.cis.minsk.by/
(in Russian only)
Agreement  on  the  Cooperation  of  the  CIS Member States in Combating Trafficking in Persons, Human Organs and Tissues (2005)

Program of Cooperation between the CIS Member States against Trafficking in Persons for 2014–2018
N/A
Coordinated Mekong Ministerial Initiative against Trafficking  (COMMIT)
www.no-trafficking.org/index.html
COMMIT Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation Against Trafficking in Greater Mekong Sub-Region (2004)
COMMIT 3rd Sub-Regional Plan of Action (COMMIT SPAIII, 2011-2013)
UN Inter-Agency Project on Human
Trafficking (UNIAP)
Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS)
http://www.cbss.org/civil-security-the-human- dimension/tfthb/
www.childcentre.info/egcc/
A Vision for the Baltic Sea region by 2020, CBSS Summit 2010.

Expert Group for Cooperation on Children at
Risk: Priority paper 2011 – 2013

Human Trafficking 2013 – Baltic Sea Region
Round-up
Task Force against Trafficking in Human
Beings with Focus on Adults (TF-THB)

Expert Group on Children at Risk

ORGANIZATION
FRAMEWORK DOCUMENT RELEVANT TO TIP

TIP FOCAL POINT
Council of Europe (COE)
www.coe.int www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/trafficking/ default_en.asp
COE Convention on Action Against Trafficking in
Human Beings (2005)
Group  of  Experts on Action Against
Trafficking in Human Beings (GRETA)
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
www.ecowas.int

Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS)
www.ceeac-eccas.org/
Declaration on the Fight against Trafficking in
Persons, 2001
ECOWAS  Initial Plan of Action against Trafficking
in Persons (2002-2003), extended until 2011
Joint ECOWAS/ECCAS Regional Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children (2006-2008)
Anti-Trafficking Unit
European Union (EU)
http://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/index.action
Brussels Declaration on Preventing and Combating
Trafficking in Human Beings, 2002
Directive on Preventing and Combating Trafficking
in Human Beings and Protecting Victims
European  Union Anti-Trafficking
Coordinator
League of Arab States (LAS) www.arableagueonline.org/las/index.jsp (in Arabic only)
Arab Framework Act on Combating Trafficking in
Persons (2008)
Arab Initiative to Combat Trafficking in Persons,
2010
N/A
Organization of American States (OAS)
www.oas.org/en/default.asp www.oas.org/dsp/english/cpo_trata.asp
Work Plan to Combat Trafficking in Persons in the Western Hemisphere 2010-2012 (AG/RES. 2551 (XL-O/10)
Coordinator  Against Trafficking
in Persons
Organization of Islamic Conference  (OIC)
http://www.comcec.org/TR/Yeni_Site_Dokumanlar/ ana_dokumanlar/IKT_Sarti.pdf
Charter of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference, 2008
N/A
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
www.osce.org/ www.osce.org/cthb
OSCE Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human
Beings (2003)

Platform for Action Against Human Trafficking
(2007)

Decision No. 1107 Addendum to the OSCE Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings, Decision No. 1107, 6 December 2013
Special Representative and Co-ordinator on Trafficking in Human Beings
Regional Conference on Migration (RCM) (Puebla Group)
www.rcmvs.org/
Regional Conference on Migration Plan of Action
N/A
Southern African Development Community (SADC)
www.sadc.int/ www.sadc.int/index/browse/page/531
SADC Regional Plan of Action on Trafficking in
Persons, 2009-2019
N/A
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation  (SAARC)
www.saarc-sec.org/
http://www.saarc-sec.org/userfiles/conv-traffiking.pdf
SAARC Convention on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution, 2002
Regional Task Force

GLOSSARY  OF ACRONYMS 
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ECCAS Economic Community of Central African States
ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States
ECPAT
End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and Trafficking
of Children for Sexual Purposes
EU
European Union
EUROPOL
European Police Office
GRETA
Council of Europe’s Group of Experts on Action
against Trafficking in Human Beings
ILO
International Labour Organization
ILO-IPEC
International Labour Organization’s International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
INTERPOL
International Criminal Police Organization
IOM
International Organization for Migration
LGBT
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual,Transgender
NGO
Non-Governmental Organization
OAS
Organization of American States
OSCE
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
UN
United Nations
UNDP
United Nations Development Programme
UNHCR
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UNICEF
United Nations Children’s Fund
UNODC
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
UN Women
United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women
2000 UN TIP PROTOCOL (PALERMO PROTOCOL)
Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational  Organized Crime

NOTES:
• Local currencies were converted to U.S. dollars ($) using the currency exchange rates reported by the U.S. Department of the Treasury on December 31, 2014.The rates can be found here: http://www.fiscal.treasury.gov/fsreports/rpt/treasRptRateExch/itin-12-31-2014.pdf
• Monetary amounts were rounded to three significant figures.

PHOTO CREDITS 

Inside front cover: AP Photo/Niranjan Shrestha Page 2: United States Department of State Page 3: United States Department of State Page 4-5: AP Photo/Dita Alangkara
Page 6: AP Photo/Wont Maye-E Page 9: REUTERS/Ahmad Masood
Page 10: AP Photo/L’Osservatore Romano, ho Page 11: © Steve McCurry/Magnum Photos Page 12: © Jonas Bendiksen/Magnum Photos Page 14 (left): REUTERS/Andrew Biraj
Page 14 (right): REUTERS/Akhtar  Soomro
Page 15 (top): © Chris Steele-Perkins/Magnum Photos Page 15 (bottom): © 2014 Human Rights Watch
Page 16: REUTERS/Andrew Biraj Page 18: AP Photo/Dita Alangkara
Page 19: Free the Slaves | Kay Chernush Page 20: © Paolo Pellegrin/Magnum Photos Page 21 (left): REUTERS/Nicky Loh
Page 21 (right): © Eli Reed/Magnum Photos Page 22: Marcel Crozet/ILO
Page 23 (left): AP Photo/Rebecca Blackwell Page 23 (right): REUTERS/Ali Hashisho Page 24: Del Manning/The A21 Campaign
Page 25 (top): Brooke McKean, Heartland Alliance International Page 25 (bottom): IOM Mission Ukraine
Page 27: Bernard Henin
Page 29: Free the Slaves | Robin Romano Page 30: AP Photo/Carolyn Kaster
Page 31: Alfred Yaghobzadeh/Polaris Images Page 32: REUTERS/Marisela Murcia
Page 33: AP Photo/Ebrahim Noroozi
Page 34: Dalit Freedom Network USA/Chelsea Hudson
Page 35 (top two photos): United States Department of State Page 35 (bottom): Laura Emiko Soltis/CIW
Page 36: REUTERS/Andrew Biraj

Page 39 (upper left): AP Photo/Raqqa Is Being
Slaughtered Silently
Page 39 (lower left): Ed Ou/Getty Images Reportage Page 39 (right): Mohammed Huwais/Getty Images Page 44: REUTERS/China Daily
Page  46: REUTERS/Parwiz
Page 51: Reuters/Amr Abdallah Dalsh
Page 52-53: Donald Bartletti, Copyright, 2014,
           Los Angeles Times. Reprinted with permission. Page 61: © Michael Christopher Brown/Magnum Photos Page 63: AP Photo/Patrick Semansky
Page 372: Bernard Henin
Page 378: AP Photo/Binsar Bakkara
Inside back cover: Courtesy President Lincoln’s Cottage © 2015 National Trust for Historic Preservation

A CLOSING NOTE:  MIGRANTS AT RISK 

    t the close of 2014, 59.5 million people were forcibly displaced worldwide “as a result of persecution, conflict, violence, or human rights violations,” according to a June 2015 UNHCR report.This number, which includes refugees, asylum seekers, and internally displaced persons, represents the highest annual increase on record—8.3 million people more than in 2013. Indeed, there are now more displaced persons globally than ever before. In 2014, displaced Syrians and Eritreans comprised the two largest groups of migrants seeking passage across the Mediterranean Sea—what IOM reports has become the most dangerous border crossing in the world. Media reports have also extensively covered the abuses Rohingya, other Burmese, and Bangladeshi migrants endure in camps in Thailand and Malaysia as well as on
vessels in the surrounding bodies of water.

While movement is not a required element of human trafficking, migrants and internally displaced persons fleeing situations of conflict, abuse, and crisis are particularly vulnerable to human trafficking—whether at home, in transit, or upon reaching their destination.
As people seek safe harbor, stability, and economic opportunity, they may lack legal status, be socially marginalized, and be unaware of local languages or laws. Thus, these individuals are more vulnerable to exploitation by smugglers, unscrupulous recruiters, and corrupt border officials on whom they must rely. Such intermediaries may take advantage of stark conditions by exploiting migrants and corrupting the migration and recruitment process or even directly subject these vulnerable populations to forced labor or sex trafficking.
Key to detecting, preventing, and punishing such exploitation are collaborative efforts on the part of governments. Improving conditions in countries of origin and addressing push factors leading to migration will serve to stem the tide of those risking their lives in pursuit of safe harbor, stability, and opportunity. If they become trafficking victims, these individuals require appropriate assistance and access to justice. It is paramount governments work together and with international organizations to screen new arrivals for indicators of human trafficking, provide protection and appropriate services, and dismantle migrant smuggling networks and trafficking rings that entice and abuse vulnerable populations. All people on the move—whether refugees and asylees seeking safety, or economic migrants seeking improved livelihoods— have a right to freedom from exploitation and abuse of all kinds, including human trafficking.
We will further increase our efforts to monitor global conflicts and crises to assess the vulnerabilities of displaced persons.We will continue to encourage international efforts to prevent human trafficking among affected populations, screen for trafficking victims, and provide access to appropriate care and assistance. We will also continue to support the expansion of governmental capacity to address trafficking in persons crimes and hold perpetrators criminally responsible.

THE STAFF OF THE OFFICE TO MONITOR AND COMBAT TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS IS:

Feleke Assefa Andrea Balint Shonnie R. Ball Kyle M. Ballard David Berger
Emylee Kennaw-Bogart Carla M. Bury
Patricia A. Butenis Patrice W. Davis Sonia Helmy-Dentzel Jennifer Donnelly Dana Dyson
Mary C. Ellison Theresa Eugene Mark Forstrom Carl B. Fox
Kiira Fox
Alison Kiehl Friedman

Sara E. Gilmer Adam C. Guarneri Amy Rustan Haslett
Rebecca Henenlotter Gregory A. Hermsmeyer Julie Hicks
Torrie Higgins Tracie Hill
Megan Hjelle-Lantsman Jennifer Koun Hong Renee Huffman Stephanie R. Hurter Veronica Jablonski Hilary R. Johnson Maurice W. Johnson Kari A. Johnstone
Erin M. King
Kendra Leigh Kreider

Genevieve Libonati Chelsea Lord Christina Manriquez Kerry McBride Maura K. McManus Ericka Moten
Ryan Mulvenna Victoria Orero Steven Lynn Ovard April Parker
Anna Patrick
Rachel Yousey Raba Amy O’Neill Richard Nicolle Richards Amy Rofman
Laura Svat Rundlet Chad C. Salitan Sarah A. Scott

Joseph Scovitch Mai Shiozaki-Lynch Justin Showalter Jane Nady Sigmon Soumya Silver
Ann Karl Slusarz Cindy J. Smith Desirée M. Suo Cheri Washington Rebecca Webb Kristin Wells
Aubrey Whitehead Heather Wild Andrea E. Wilson Haley Sands Wright Janet Zinn
Elizabeth Norris Zoeller

Special thanks to Lamya Shawki El-Shacke and the graphic services team at Global Publishing Solutions.

STUDENTS
OPPOSING
raising awareness of human trafficking
A Project of President Lincoln's Cottage

What would you miss if yowu :er: \:
a victim of human trafficking?

www.1incolncottage.org

PRESIDENT

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