penalties are sufficiently stringent and commensurate with penalties prescribed for other serious crimes, such as rape.
Luxembourg City’s vice squad unit consisted of skilled officers but was small in size, covered a variety of crimes in addition to human trafficking, and continued to lack resources. During the reporting period, authorities launched 10 investigations, seven for sex trafficking and three for labor trafficking, while initiating prosecutions of four new sex trafficking and two new labor cases. Three ongoing cases with a total of nine defendants were ready for trial as of April 2015. The government convicted five sex traffickers in 2014, the same number as in 2013. Four offenders received sentences from 24 to 36 months’ imprisonment, with 12 to 24 months’ suspended and fines. One offender received 36 months’ imprisonment with no suspended sentence. While convicted traffickers continued to receive suspended sentences, all the traffickers spent some time in prison, improving deterrence of trafficking offenses. Authorities convicted three police officers for pimping in connection with a 2012 trafficking case and prescribed penalties of between six months’ and 12 months’ suspended sentences and fines ranging from 1,500 to 2,000 euro ($1,610 to 2,150).The officers were banned from public service for five years.The government funded an NGO-led training on identifying and assisting trafficking victims for police, immigration officers, and other government officials, and also funded five judges and prosecutors to participate in anti-trafficking training at a foreign magistrate’s school.

PROTECTION
The government demonstrated some progress in the protection of trafficking victims.Authorities identified 11 sex and labor trafficking victims—including 10 adults and one child—in 2014 compared with 14 victims identified in 2013. Authorities began drafting a formal national referral mechanism for all front-line responders, including labor inspectors, immigration officials, health workers, child welfare officials, and others in how to identify proactively all types of trafficking victims and refer them to available services. A grand ducal decree issued in 2014 specifies when trafficking victim assistance is available and the types of assistance to which victims are entitled; it also establishes an official mandate for NGOs to assist victims.The government provided shelter and other services to 10 of the 11 identified victims during the reporting period—four female sex trafficking victims and six male labor trafficking victims. The government had policies in place to encourage trafficking victims to assist in the prosecution of trafficking offenders, including legal alternatives to removal to countries in which victims would face retribution or hardship. Trafficking victims were entitled to a 90-day reflection period to decide whether they wanted to testify, during which EU citizens could work. Upon expiration of the reflection period, the government could issue a foreign victim either temporary or permanent residence status, depending upon the victim’s willingness to cooperate with law enforcement and whether the victim was an EU or non-EU national.The government provided five trafficking victims with temporary residence permits in 2014 and 2015 and long-term residency for one victim from a previous year.There were no reports authorities penalized victims for unlawful acts committed as a direct result of being subjected to human trafficking.

PREVENTION
The government increased anti-trafficking prevention efforts. Since 2008, Luxembourg has lacked a national anti-trafficking

awareness campaign; however, the government announced and committed funds to implement a campaign in 2015. Authorities published a brochure, which defined and described the types of trafficking, indicators to identify victims, and provided contact information to report suspected trafficking. The government’s inter-ministerial trafficking coordinating committee met five times during the reporting period. The new national rapporteur on trafficking in persons compiled a non-public report to the European Commission.The government reported drafting a national action plan to combat trafficking in persons.Authorities did not undertake any measures to reduce demand for commercial sex acts or forced labor in 2014.The government provided anti-trafficking training or guidance for its diplomatic personnel.

MACAU:  Tier 2 
The Macau Special Administrative Region (MSAR) of the People’s Republic of China is primarily a destination and, to a much lesser extent, a source territory for women and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor. Sex trafficking victims originate primarily from mainland China; many are from inland Chinese provinces and travel to the border province of Guangdong in search of better employment. Some are from Mongolia,Vietnam, Ukraine, Russia, and Tanzania. Many trafficking victims fall prey to false advertisements for jobs, including in casinos in Macau, but upon arrival are forced or coerced into prostitution.Victims are sometimes confined in massage parlors and illegal brothels, where they are closely monitored, threatened with violence, forced to work long hours, and have their identity documents confiscated. Chinese, Russian, and Thai criminal syndicates are believed to be involved in recruiting women for Macau’s commercial sex industry. Children are reportedly subjected to sex trafficking on the premises of casinos in Macau.
Macau authorities do not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, they are making significant efforts to do so.Authorities convicted six traffickers and continued to build judicial and prosecutorial capacity by training officials. Authorities, however, did not identify any labor trafficking victims and identified only five sex trafficking victims, compared with 30 in 2013.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MACAU:
Increase efforts to investigate, prosecute, and convict sex and labor traffickers; continue to improve and consistently implement proactive victim identification methods, especially among vulnerable populations such as migrant workers and children in prostitution in casinos; continue to educate law enforcement and other officials and the public on forced labor and sex trafficking; conduct sex trafficking awareness campaigns so that visitors in Macau understand soliciting or engaging in prostitution with children is a crime; and conduct a survey of the migrant labor population in Macau in order to identify its vulnerability to trafficking.