RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PAPUA NEW GUINEA:
Train law enforcement officers, prosecutors, and judges on the crime of human trafficking and the trafficking provisions under the criminal code; investigate and prosecute trafficking offenses

and punish traffickers, including parents and officials who facilitate or directly benefit from trafficking; approve the national plan of action that outlines Papua New Guinea’s commitment to combat trafficking; develop and institute a formal procedure to identify victims among vulnerable groups, such as women and children in prostitution and foreign women and men arriving for work in Papua New Guinea; train law enforcement officers to proactively identify victims and refer them to protective services; develop and implement procedures to ensure victims of trafficking are not arrested, deported, or otherwise punished for acts committed as a direct result of being subjected to trafficking; allocate sufficient resources to the National Human Trafficking Committee for anti- trafficking awareness campaigns and trainings; work with NGOs and international organizations to increase protective services for victims of trafficking; increase collaboration with civil society, private sector, religious, and tribal leaders to raise awareness of and reduce demand for forced labor and commercial sex acts, especially of children; and accede to the 2000 UN TIP Protocol.

PROSECUTION
The government maintained its anti-trafficking law enforcement efforts. It certified and gazetted the Criminal Code Amendment of 2013, which prohibits all forms of trafficking, which brought the law into force. The new law prescribes penalties for adult sex and labor trafficking of up to 20 years’ imprisonment; it prescribes penalties for child sex and labor trafficking of up to 25 years’ imprisonment.These penalties are sufficiently stringent and commensurate with penalties prescribed for other serious crimes, such as rape.
The government initiated one new investigation involving a Fijian national who was subjected to forced labor by a Papua New Guinean; two labor trafficking investigations initiated in 2013 did not result in prosecutions. The prosecution of alleged labor trafficking offenses involving a Papua New Guinean national who was charged with “deprivation of liberty” for confining her maid, initiated in 2013, remained pending in court. Government officials often did not prosecute trafficking-related crimes in criminal courts; rather, trafficking-related cases were often referred to village courts, which administered customary law. Cases adjudicated in these courts resulted in restitution paid by the trafficker to the victim, but village courts did not order imprisonment of offenders. Some victims of internal trafficking or their parents, who received compensation from the trafficker, were reluctant to notify police or bring criminal charges against traffickers.
The Department of Justice and Attorney General (DJAG), with foreign funding, established a new anti-trafficking training program for front-line officers, magistrates, and civil society members comprised of three-day workshops held in several border provinces and major cities. The government continued to underfund law enforcement agencies, and most government offices remained weak as a result of corruption, cronyism, a lack of accountability, and a promotion system based on patronage. The government did not report any investigations, prosecutions, or convictions of government officials complicit in human trafficking offenses, despite allegations that government ministers, police, and other officials were complicit in commercial sexual exploitation of children.

PROTECTION
The government did not make any efforts to proactively identify trafficking victims. The government did not identify any victims,

compared with seven identified in 2013. The government continued to lack a formal victim identification procedure and standardized referral mechanism. It did not operate any victim care facilities for trafficking victims or refer any victims to a shelter, compared with six referred in 2013. A potential Fijian trafficking victim, who was allegedly lured to Papua New Guinea under false pretenses and subjected to harsh conditions by a Papua New Guinean man, received assistance from the Fijian high commissioner; the PNG government did not provide assistance to the potential victim. None of the shelters run by NGOs or international organizations received financial or in-kind assistance from the government. There were no reports of victims being detained, fined, or jailed for unlawful acts committed as a direct result of being subjected to trafficking; however, some may have been as a result of inadequate government efforts to identify victims. The law provides legal alternatives to the removal of foreign victims of trafficking to countries where they may face hardship or retribution, but no victim was afforded this protection in 2014. The government allowed “ongoing stay” for trafficking victims but lacked provisions for victims to seek compensation through civil suits.

PREVENTION
The government took measurable steps to prevent human trafficking.The government created a National Human Trafficking Committee (NHTC), comprised of 14 government agencies, five civil society organizations, and five international stakeholders. NHTC, chaired by DJAG, met twice in 2014 to draft a national plan of action.The national plan of action was pending approval at the end of the reporting period. The government did not conduct any awareness or educational campaigns and did not take any measures to reduce child sex tourism.The government took no discernible actions to decrease the demand for forced labor or commercial sex acts. The government did not provide anti-trafficking training or guidance for its diplomatic personnel. Papua New Guinea is not a party to the 2000 UN TIP Protocol.

PARAGUAY: Tier 2 
Paraguay is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor. Paraguayan women and girls are subjected to sex trafficking within the country, and transgender Paraguayans are vulnerable to sex trafficking. An estimated 47,000 Paraguayan children work as domestic servants in exchange for food, board, and occasionally education or a small stipend in a system called criadazgo; many of these children are trafficking victims. NGOs report child domestic workers are highly vulnerable to sex trafficking. Indigenous persons are particularly at risk for forced labor and sex trafficking, and in the Chaco region some indigenous Paraguayans are reportedly subject to forced labor and exploitation on cattle ranches and in agriculture. Children engaged in street vending and begging and working in agriculture, mining, brick making, and ranching are vulnerable to human trafficking. An armed group recruits adolescent Paraguayans, two of whom died in combat with Paraguayan forces in 2014. Paraguayan victims of sex trafficking and forced labor are found in Argentina, Spain, Brazil, and other countries. Foreign victims of sex and labor trafficking in Paraguay are mostly from other South American countries. In January 2015, Paraguayan authorities identified approximately 80 Taiwanese citizens who were allegedly forced to work for online gambling