or trafficking due to lack of long-term support. NGOs and some officials reported concerns with inadequate funds to address the whole range of victim needs, including legal aid. There were no specific support services for child victims—support was offered by local authorities, and NGOs raised concerns about lack of specialized care, including shelter and adequate mental health care. Government officials and NGOs reported child victims go missing from care and perhaps back to their traffickers; some front-line responders missed opportunities to assist victims due to doubts over the victim’s age.The government launched a pilot program in certain cities to appoint trained advocates to manage the care of child trafficking victims, and the Modern Slavery Act 2015 mandates child trafficking advocates. Scottish authorities funded a guardianship system operated by an NGO for unaccompanied children seeking asylum, including trafficking victims.
Regulations for the visa category governing “domestic worker[s] in a private household” require domestic workers to have worked for their employer for at least one year outside of the UK before applying for a work visa; to not be allowed to change employers while in the UK; and to stay for a maximum of six months, after which time they must return home. Experts expressed concerns the domestic workers’ dependency on one employer and inability to transfer employment even in the face of abuse rendered them vulnerable to domestic servitude. A parliamentary report found “tying domestic migrant domestic workers to their employer institutionalizes their abuse.” One NGO noted that among workers who contacted them, the reports of nonpayment of wages, physical and psychological abuse, and restriction of movement (from migrant domestic workers) had almost doubled from the numbers reported under the previous system.
Regulations allowed trafficking victims in England and Wales to give testimony by video, behind a screen, or with the public removed from the court. The government offered renewable one-year residence permits to foreign victims cooperating with law enforcement or with personal circumstances warranting it, but did not report how many residency permits were issued in 2014. Long-term legal alternatives to removal to countries where victims might face hardship or retribution were only available through asylum procedures. NGOs reported victims who had received a positive grounds decision could not be assured of a successful asylum claim.The Supreme Court ruled foreign trafficking victims have a right to claim damages from their traffickers irrespective of their immigration status.The government did not report how many victims received compensation in 2014, and NGOs reported a lack of awareness of avenues for restitution. In one case, two convicted traffickers were ordered to pay the victim 100,000 pounds ($156,000) in compensation. NGOs and court findings indicated the government continued to prosecute and sentence child and adult trafficking victims for crimes committed as a result of their trafficking, despite prosecutorial guidance and court rulings to the contrary. Some victims were penalized despite officials’ acknowledgement they were trafficking victims. In 2014, a trafficking expert reported the government prosecuted a Vietnamese child for cannabis cultivation who had received a reasonable grounds decision, and a judge sentenced two Vietnamese men to a year in prison and deportation for cultivating cannabis, while acknowledging the men had been enslaved.

PREVENTION
The government engaged in a wide range of anti-trafficking prevention efforts. Authorities released the first modern slavery

strategy, which created a whole-of-government framework for anti-trafficking efforts and established responsibilities of different government entities to implement these efforts.The Home Office coordinated an inter-ministerial group on modern slavery and launched a new modern slavery hotline.The Department of Justice of Northern Ireland coordinated an engagement group on human trafficking with NGOs and government entities and published a second anti-trafficking action plan as well as a progress report on the previous plan. The Scottish police team maintained an anti- trafficking working group including government and civil society representatives. The Gangmasters Licensing Authority (GLA) labor inspectorate was responsible for investigating exploitative labor conditions in agriculture, food processing, and the shellfish industry. NGOs noted funding and staffing for the GLA had decreased and it did not have jurisdiction to inspect other vulnerable sectors, such as construction, cleaning, hospitality, and the care sector. The Modern Slavery Act 2015 requires some commercial organizations to prepare annual statements outlining steps the organization has taken to ensure human trafficking is not taking place in their supply chain. Northern Ireland’s anti-trafficking law criminalized the purchase of sexual services.The government did not report efforts to reduce the demand for forced labor. UK law allows authorities to prosecute citizens for sexual offences committed against children overseas, but the government did not report prosecuting or convicting any nationals engaged in child sex tourism abroad.The government did not provide anti-trafficking training or guidance for its diplomatic personnel.The government did not report providing anti-trafficking training to UK troops prior to deployment abroad as part of international peacekeeping missions in 2014.

OVERSEAS TERRITORIES OF THE UNITED    KINGDOM
BERMUDA
Bermuda is a limited destination country for women and men subjected to forced labor. Some foreign migrant workers from Asia and Latin America are vulnerable to domestic servitude and abuse or to forced labor in the construction and agricultural industries in Bermuda. Several cases of suspected forced labor were reported to and investigated by the Department of Immigration but were ultimately determined not to be trafficking cases. Police and NGOs did not receive any reports of potential trafficking cases. Some employers reportedly confiscate passports, withhold wages, deny benefits, and threaten migrant workers with having to repay the cost of airline tickets. The Transnational Organized Crime Act 2013 criminalizes all forms of both sex and labor trafficking and prescribes penalties of up to 20 years’ imprisonment. Migrant workers in Bermuda operated under a strict system of government work permits obtained by employers on behalf of foreign workers. The government did not report investigations, prosecutions, or convictions of trafficking offenses in 2014. Government resources were inadequate to conduct inspections to identify possible exploitation of foreign workers. No government officials were prosecuted or convicted for involvement in trafficking or trafficking- related criminal activities in 2014.

TURKS AND CAICOS
Turks and Caicos Islands are a destination country for men, women, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor.According to local experts, the large population of migrants from Haiti, the

Dominican Republic, and Jamaica are vulnerable to sex trafficking and forced labor, with stateless children and adolescents especially at risk. Local stakeholders, including law enforcement officials, have reported specific knowledge of sex trafficking occurring in bars and brothels and noted trafficking-related complicity by some local government officials was a problem. Anti-trafficking legislation introduced in 2012 remained pending.The absence of specific legislation prohibiting trafficking as defined by the 2000 UN TIP Protocol; the absence of victim identification, screening, and protection procedures; and limited awareness of human trafficking on the part of officials and the public continued to hinder anti-trafficking efforts.