RECOMMENDATIONS  FOR YEMEN:
Enact and implement anti-trafficking legislation prohibiting all forms of trafficking; significantly increase law enforcement efforts against sex and labor trafficking of women, men, and children; make greater efforts to stop the recruitment and use of child soldiers and provide protection and rehabilitation services to demobilized children; take measures to investigate and eradicate the practice of chattel slavery in Yemen; institute a formal victim identification mechanism to identify and refer trafficking victims to protection services; provide adequate protection, including shelter, to all victims of trafficking; investigate and prosecute government employees complicit in trafficking offenses; continue to work with international organizations and NGOs to identify and provide protection to trafficking victims; ensure trafficking victims are not punished for acts committed as a direct result of being subjected to human trafficking, such as immigration or prostitution violations; implement educational and public awareness campaigns on trafficking, including those discouraging the recruitment and use of child soldiers; adopt and dedicate resources to the national plan of action to combat trafficking; and accede to the 2000 UN TIP Protocol.

PROSECUTION
The government made minimal discernible law enforcement efforts against human trafficking.The absence of a law criminalizing all forms of trafficking, as well as the government’s continued conflation of trafficking and smuggling, impeded efforts to investigate and prosecute trafficking offenders. Article 248 of Yemen’s penal code prescribes up to 10 years’ imprisonment for any person who “buys, sells, or gives [a human being] as a present, or deals in human beings; and anyone who brings into the country or exports from it a human being with the intent of taking advantage of him.” This statute’s prescribed penalty is commensurate with penalties prescribed for other serious crimes, such as rape; however, its narrow focus on transactions and movement means many forms of sex trafficking and forced labor are not criminalized.Article 161 of the Child Rights Law criminalizes the prostitution of children. The government’s inter-ministerial National Technical Committee to Combat Human Trafficking drafted anti-trafficking legislation with the assistance of an international organization; however, the status of this draft legislation remained unknown following the dissolution of the government in January 2015.
The government did not report efforts to prosecute, convict, or punish trafficking offenses during the year. The government made no known efforts to investigate or punish the practice of chattel slavery.The government did not report any investigations, prosecutions, or convictions of government officials complicit in trafficking offenses, despite allegations that local government and security officials willfully ignored trafficking crimes taking place in their areas of responsibility. In addition, officials continued to use children in the governmental armed forces.

PROTECTION
The government made few discernible efforts to protect trafficking victims.The government failed to proactively identify and provide adequate protection services to trafficking victims among vulnerable groups, such as women in prostitution and foreign migrants. As a result, the government did not ensure trafficking victims were not inappropriately incarcerated, fined, or otherwise penalized for unlawful acts committed as a direct result of being subjected to human trafficking, such as prostitution or immigration violations. In 2014, the Ministry of Interior’s (MOI) Women and Children Unit produced formal standard operating procedures to guide officials in proactive identification of trafficking victims among high-risk persons with whom they come in contact; it is unclear, however, if authorities implemented and received training on these procedures during the year.The government did not identify or provide adequate protection services to trafficking victims, but it coordinated with NGOs, an international organization, and the Ethiopian government to repatriate a reported 2,162 Ethiopians in 2014, an unspecified number of whom were trafficking victims. Although these victims were housed in the MOI detention center in Sana’a while awaiting repatriation, they were allowed to enter and exit the center at will. The government did not encourage victims to assist in investigations or prosecutions of their traffickers.The government did not provide assistance to its nationals repatriated after enduring trafficking abroad.While the government acknowledged the use of child soldiers and signed a UN action plan to end the practice in May 2014, it did not make efforts to release child soldiers from the military and provide them with protective or rehabilitation services, failing to implement its September 2013 action plan calling for such efforts.

PREVENTION
The government made limited efforts to prevent trafficking.The Ministry of Human Rights, in coordination with an international organization, drafted—but did not finalize—a national strategy to combat trafficking.The draft included plans for raising awareness, increasing cooperation betweenYemen and neighboring countries, training officials in victim identification, and instituting procedures to protect and provide assistance to victims; however, the status of this national strategy remained unknown at the end of the reporting period. In an effort to reduce a form of sex tourism in which foreigners, particularly Saudis and Emiratis, “temporarily” marry youngYemeni women, the government enacted a regulation requiring MOI approval forYemenis to marry foreigners; however, in exchange for bribes, officials continued to provide such approval. The government did not provide anti-trafficking training to its diplomatic personnel. The government did not make efforts to reduce the demand for commercial sex acts, forced labor, nor address the problem of child sex tourism.The government did not provide anti-trafficking training to troops prior to their deployment abroad as part of international peacekeeping missions.Yemen is not a party to the 2000 UN TIP Protocol.

ZAMBIA:  Tier 2 
Zambia is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking. Most trafficking occurs within the country’s borders and involves women and children from rural areas exploited in cities in domestic servitude or other types of forced labor in agriculture, textile, mining, construction, small businesses such as bakeries, and forced begging. Zambian children may be forced by jerabo gangs engaged in illegal mining to load stolen copper ore onto trucks in Copperbelt Province.While orphans and street children are most vulnerable, children of affluent village families are also at risk of trafficking because sending children to the city for work is perceived to confer status. Zambian boys and girls are exploited in sex trafficking by truck drivers in towns along the Zimbabwean and Tanzanian borders and by miners in the mining town of Solwezi. Zambian boys are subjected to sex trafficking in Zimbabwe and women and girls are subjected to sex trafficking in South Africa. Domestically, extended families and trusted family acquaintances continued to facilitate trafficking.
Women and children from neighboring countries are exploited in forced labor or sex trafficking after arrival in Zambia. Nationals from South and East Asia are exploited in forced labor in textile factories, bakeries, and Chinese-owned mines. Chinese traffickers brought in Chinese women and underage girls for sexual exploitation in brothels and massage parlors in Lusaka; traffickers used front companies posing as travel agencies to lure Chinese victims and coordinated with Zambian facilitators and middlemen. The transnational labor trafficking of Southeast Asians through Zambia for forced labor in construction in South Africa continued and was linked to criminal groups based there.
The Government of Zambia does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so. The government held the fourth national symposium on trafficking in persons to encourage national collaboration and raise awareness. It enhanced its victim identification methods by developing and launching protection tools to assist officials and service providers in screening for victims